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by William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
Translation by François-Victor Hugo (1828 - 1873)

To be, or not to be: that is the...
Language: English 
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause: there's the respect
That makes calamity of so long life;
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of? 
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pith and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action. -- [Soft you now!]1
The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons
Be all my sins remember'd.

Available sung texts: (what is this?)

•   J. Summer 

About the headline (FAQ)

View original text (without footnotes)
1 Summers: "But soft"

Text Authorship:

  • by William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616), no title, appears in Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1 [author's text checked 1 time against a primary source]

Musical settings (art songs, Lieder, mélodies, (etc.), choral pieces, and other vocal works set to this text), listed by composer (not necessarily exhaustive):

  • by Dudley Buck (1839 - 1909), "To be or not to be", 1903 [ voice and piano ] [sung text not yet checked]
  • by Joseph Summer , "To be or not to be" [ voice and piano ], from Oxford Songs, Book III, no. 3 [sung text checked 1 time]

Settings in other languages, adaptations, or excerpts:

  • Also set in German (Deutsch), a translation by Moses Mendelssohn (1729 - 1786) , "Monolog aus dem Hamlet " ; composed by Hans Georg Nägeli.
    • Go to the text.

Other available translations, adaptations or excerpts, and transliterations (if applicable):

  • FRE French (Français) (François-Victor Hugo) , no title
  • ITA Italian (Italiano) (Carlo Rusconi) , no title, first published 1901
  • POR Portuguese (Português) ( Luis I, King of Portugal) , no title, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, first published 1877


Researcher for this text: Emily Ezust [Administrator]

This text was added to the website between May 1995 and September 2003.
Line count: 35
Word count: 277

Être, ou ne pas être, c’est là la...
Language: French (Français)  after the English 
Être, ou ne pas être, c’est là la question.
Y a-t-il plus de noblesse d’âme à subir
la fronde et les flèches de la fortune outrageante,
ou bien à s’armer contre une mer de douleurs
et à l’arrêter par une révolte ? Mourir… dormir,
rien de plus ;… et dire que par ce sommeil nous mettons fin
aux maux du cœur et aux mille tortures naturelles
qui sont le legs de la chair : c’est là une terminaison
qu’on doit souhaiter avec ferveur. Mourir… dormir,
dormir ! peut-être rêver ! Oui, là est l’embarras.
Car quels rêves peut-il nous venir dans ce sommeil de la mort,
quand nous sommes débarrassés de l’étreinte de cette vie ?
Voilà qui doit nous arrêter. C’est cette réflexion-là
qui nous vaut la calamité d’une si longue existence.
Qui, en effet, voudrait supporter les flagellations et les dédains du monde,
l’injure de l’oppresseur, l’humiliation de la pauvreté,
les angoisses de l’amour méprisé, les lenteurs de la loi,
l’insolence du pouvoir et les rebuffades
que le mérite résigné reçoit des créatures indignes,
s’il pouvait en être quitte
avec un simple poinçon ? Qui voudrait porter ces fardeaux,
geindre et suer sous une vie accablante,
si la crainte de quelque chose après la mort,
de cette région inexplorée, d’où
nul voyageur ne revient, ne troublait la volonté,
et ne nous faisait supporter les maux que nous avons
par peur de nous lancer dans ceux que nous ne connaissons pas ?
Ainsi la conscience fait de nous tous des lâches ;
ainsi les couleurs natives de la résolution
blêmissent sous les pâles reflets de la pensée ;
ainsi les entreprises les plus énergiques et les plus importantes
se détournent de leur cours, à cette idée,
et perdent le nom d’action… Doucement, maintenant !
Voici la belle Ophélia… Nymphe, dans tes oraisons
souviens-toi de tous mes péchés.

About the headline (FAQ)

Text Authorship:

  • by François-Victor Hugo (1828 - 1873), no title [author's text checked 1 time against a primary source]

Based on:

  • a text in English by William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616), no title, appears in Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1
    • Go to the text page.

Musical settings (art songs, Lieder, mélodies, (etc.), choral pieces, and other vocal works set to this text), listed by composer (not necessarily exhaustive):

    [ None yet in the database ]


Researcher for this page: Guy Laffaille [Guest Editor]

This text was added to the website: 2016-01-11
Line count: 35
Word count: 298

Gentle Reminder

This website began in 1995 as a personal project by Emily Ezust, who has been working on it full-time without a salary since 2008. Our research has never had any government or institutional funding, so if you found the information here useful, please consider making a donation. Your help is greatly appreciated!
–Emily Ezust, Founder

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